BOOK: “The March of Folly” (B. W. Tuchman)
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” G. Santayana
Introduction
I have seized the current lockdown – what many are calling “The Big Pause” – mainly as an opportunity to indeed slow down. In our seemingly eternal rush to nowhere, it feels so good to shift gears for a lower pace. It is also a great chance to check the compass: where are we heading and why are questions worth revisiting more than ever. In the midst of the pause & meditation, I am delighting myself with some good reads, ranging from classical adventure novels read in my youth (eg, how not to love “King Solomon´s Mines”?), to technical stuff. And somewhere in between, I finished “The March of Folly” by the eminent American historian and intellectual Barbara W. Tuchman. The book drives you into an astonishing ride through some of history´s most iconic, unbelievable governance acts of self-betrayal, all this is the top-notch style of Tuchman. So let´s talk a little bit about this book – so valid, so valuable, so applicable to our convoluted times (business and governmental wise) – and already a classic bestseller on social, political and historical sciences.
What is this masterpiece about
“The March of Folly” is about self-deception. The book provides a variety of examples and lessons, ranging from ancient times to our modern era. Cases range from the fall of Troy (Why, by all heavens, they had to put the giant wooden horse inside the city when all signs pointed to a trap?); the Aztec´s Empire doom by the Spanish conquerors, a fall propelled by naive ideas (Montezuma & hundreds of thousands of warriors conquered by a couple hundred through lies and myth); the Renaissance Popes´ absolute betrayal of their own gospel (an amazing section devoted to a feast of lust, greed and pleasure… driven from Vatican City itself); the British´s fool race to loose America (a master class on how to ignore your own people´s needs and desires); and then – in one of history´s top ironies – America´s self´s entrapment at the unnecessary Vietnam war (an act of self-hypnotism that mutated into an ego trap). All of these examples share a common trait: irrational, self-damaging, absurd national policy in which evidence, facts, warnings & common-sense were blatantly ignored; privileging feelings, momentum and prejudice.
“Don´t confuse me with the facts” – B. W. Tuchman
My favorite quotes
Let me share with you some of my favorite quotes from the book, curated and transcribed below, for your ease and delight:
- About Misgoverment: “Misgovernment is of four kinds, often in combination. They are: 1) tyranny or oppression (…); 2) excessive ambition such as Athens´ attempted conquest of Sicily (…); 3) incompetence or decadence, as in the case of the late Roman empire (…); and finally 4) folly or perversity. This book is concerned with the last in a specific manifestation; that is, the pursuit of policy contrary to the self-interest of the constituency or state involved. (…)”
- About Folly: “To qualify as folly for this inquiry, the policy adopted must meet three criteria: it must have been perceived as counter-productive in its own time (…); Secondly, a feasible alternative course of action must have been available. To remove the problem from personality, a third criterion must be that the policy in question should be that of a group, not and individual ruler, and should persist beyond any one political lifetime.”
- About Self-Deception: “Wooden-headedness, the source of self-deception, is a factor that plays a remarkably large role in government. It consistes in assessing a situation in terms or preconceived fixed notions while ignoring or rejecting any contrary signs. It is acting according to wish while not allowing oneself to be deflected by the facts. (…)”
- About Folly and Religion (on the Aztec´s Empire fall): “One cannot quarrel with religious beliefs, especially of a strange, half-understood culture. But when the beliefs become a delusion maintained against natural evidence to the point of losing the independence of a people, they may be fairly called folly. The category is once again wooden-headedness, in the special variety of religious mania.”
- About Folly & Power: “A principle that emerges in the cases so far mentioned is that folly is a child of power. We all know, from unending repetitions of Lord Acton´s dictum, that power corrupts. We are less aware that it breeds folly; that the responsibility of the power of command frequently causes failure to think (…)” Fernando´s comment: Yes! Folly is a child of power… and a cousin of ego, if I may add.
- About Folly and Status (on the record of the Renaissance Popes): “their attitudes to power and their resultant behavior were shaped to an unusual degree by the mores and conditions of their time and surroundings” (…) “the folly of the popes was not pursuit of counter-productive policy so much as rejection of any steady or coherent policy either political or religious that would have improved their situation or arrested the rising discontent”, (…) “Illusion of permanence, of the inviolability of their power and status was a third folly” (…). “Their three outstanding attitudes – obliviousness to the growing disaffection of constituents, primacy of self-aggrandizement, illusion of invulnerable status – are persistent aspects of folly.“
- About Folly vs Practical Aspect of Power (Section “The British Lose America”). “Given the intention to retain sovereignty, insistence on the right to tax was justifiable per se; but it was insistence on a right “you know you cannot exert”, and in the face of evidence that the attempt would be fatal to the voluntary allegiance of the colonies, that was folly. Furthermore, method rather than motivation was at fault. Implementation of policy grew progressively more inept, ineffective and profoundly provocative. Finally, it came down to attitude.
- About Government: “Government is rarely more than a choice between “the disastrous and the unpalatable” (quoting J.K. Galbraith)
- About Human Nature and Folly: “We are flung into a straight-jacket of rationality” (…) “One thing was left out of account – the other side. War is polarity. What if the other side failed to respond rationally to the coercive message? Appreciation of the human factor was not McNamara´s strong point, and the possibility that humankind is not rational was too eccentric and disruptive to be programmed into his analysis.“
- About Folly vs Thinking: “When all options are unpromising, policy makers fall back on the “working the levers” in preference to thinking“.
- About Folly and Power: “Whenever a man has cast a longing eye on Office, a rottenness begins in his conduct” (quoting Thomas Jefferson himself).
- About Folly and Error: “In the first stage, mental standstill fixes the principles and boundaries governing a political problem. In the second stage, when dissonances and failing function begin to appear, the initial principles rigidify. This is the period when, if wisdom were operative, re-examination and re-thinking and a change of course are possible, but they are rare as rubies in a backyard. Rigidifying leads to increase of investment and the need to protect egos. (…) In the third stage, pursuit of failure enlarges the damages until it causes the fall of Troy, the defection from Papacy, the loss of a trans-Atlantic empire, the classic humiliation in Vietnam.”
- About Folly and Truth: “The test comes in recognizing when persistence in error has become self-damaging. A prince, says Machiavelli, ought always to be a great asker and a patient hearer of truth about those things of which he has inquired, and he should be angry if he finds that anyone has scruples about telling him the truth. What government needs is great askers“.
- About Folly and the High Government Roles: “Above all, lure of office, known in our country as Potomac´s fever, stultifies a better performance of government, The bureaucrat dreams of promotion, higher officials want to extend their reach, legislators and the chief of state want re-election; and the guiding principle is to please as many and offend as few as possible. Intelligent government would require that the persons entrusted with high-office should formulate and execute policy according to their best judgement, the best knowledge available and a judicious estimate of the lesser evil. But re-election is in their minds, and that becomes the criterion.”
“When all options are unpromising, policy makers fall back on the “working the levers” in preference to thinking“. – B. W. Tuchman
In conclusion
So, tell me, after reading the condensed sampled wisdom of the lines quoted above, anything resonates with you? Anything germane to our current year, 2020? Anything applicable & pertinent to our businesses strategies & governance? Could our governments and leaders be the future perfect protagonists of a brand new section in a new, augmented edition of “The March of Folly”? After all the warnings, isn´t the COVID-19 pandemic an example of global folly? What does current scientific evidence states on upcoming global threats? Is the evidence being ignored? Are we the next generation of marching fools? Is ego and momentum driving, or thought and evidence?
Let´s take a moment to think about this enlightened by past follies: what are we doing now? how come? could we be wrong? Any foreseeable consequences to a possible error? Think about it…
Fernando
PS: you can buy “The March of Folly” in Amazon. Here.
Photo by Jeremy Lishner on Unsplash
